![]() ![]() These changes predispose postmenopausal women to increased risks of osteoporosis and bone fracture, and of cardio-metabolic disease (diabetes and cardiovascular disease). ![]() In addition to symptoms (hot flushes/flashes, night sweats, mood changes, arthralgia and vaginal dryness), the physical consequences of menopause include bone loss, increased central abdominal fat, and adverse changes in a woman's cholesterol profile and vascular function. Menopause before the age of 45 years is considered to be "early menopause" and when ovarian failure/surgical removal of the ovaries occurs before the age of 40 years this is termed " premature ovarian insufficiency". The severity of symptoms varies between women. Other symptoms may include vaginal dryness, trouble sleeping, and mood changes. Hot flashes can recur for four to five years. During this time, women often experience hot flashes these typically last from 30 seconds to ten minutes and may be associated with shivering, night sweats, and reddening of the skin. In the years before menopause, a woman's periods typically become irregular, which means that periods may be longer or shorter in duration or be lighter or heavier in the amount of flow. Menopause is the opposite of menarche, the time when a girl's periods start. While typically not needed, a diagnosis of menopause can be confirmed by measuring hormone levels in the blood or urine. At the physiological level, menopause happens because of a decrease in the ovaries' production of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Other causes include surgery that removes both ovaries or some types of chemotherapy. It can occur earlier in those who smoke tobacco. It typically occurs between the ages of 45 and 55, although the exact timing can vary. Menopause, also known as the climacteric, is the time when menstrual periods permanently cease, marking the end of reproduction. Menopausal hormone therapy, clonidine, gabapentin, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Can also be caused by surgery that removes both ovaries and some types of chemotherapy.
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